"Saigo Takamori: The Last Samurai." Rebellions by the samurai, which had broken out sporadically since 1868 (Meiji 1), including the 1869-70 conflict between irregular military units and upper rank samurai commanders in the Choshu domain, gained steam with the collapse of the "conquer Korea debate". As a peer-reviewed international forum for researchers across the globe, it carries original scholarly contributions on premodern and modern history, literature, art history, religion, and thought; translations of important Japanese literary and historical sources; and authoritative reviews of recent books on Japan. There, the situation was complicated by the existence of no less than three parties two conservative groups led, respectively, by the old noble Shimadzu, the father of the young ex-daimio, and by the elder Saigo, the latter being at once the most influential and most numerous; and a thirdthe party of reformwhich looked for guidance, among other prominent men, to Okubo, Kuroda, Matsugata, Kawamura and the younger Saigo. Satsuma daimyo Shimazu Hisamitsu did not acknowledge the departing army when the men stopped to bow at the gates of his castle. The shogun's men were still hunting him, so Saigo went into a three-year internal exile on the small island of Amami Oshima. Saig also started an artillery school. Contemporary illustrations show the cavalry armed with lances. Illustration of the Navy Landing at Sukuchi Village (battle of Tabaruzaka Hill), Kagoshima Shinbun: Illustration of the Battle of Yamagaguchi, March 1877. Japan. He changed his name to Saigo Sasuke, and the domain government declared him dead. "The Last Samurai: The Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori." This provoked open conflict, although with the elimination of samurai rice stipends in 1877, tensions were already extremely high. In Satsuma and the rest of Japan, though, it was not clear whether reforms like these were sufficient, or if the entire social and political systems were due for a revolutionary change. Although Satsuma had been one of the key players in the Meiji Restoration and the Boshin War, and although many men from Satsuma had risen to influential positions in the new Meiji government, there was growing dissatisfaction with the direction the country was taking. When the offensive was resumed, Saigo retreated to Miyazaki, leaving behind numerous pockets of samurai in the hills to conduct guerilla attacks. This influential clan was headed by the Shimazu family, which had been founded by Shimazu Tadahisa, son of Minamoto Yoritomo, in the Kamakura period. Satsuma Rebellion of 1877 - Sources The division of feeling which existed in several of the clans following the Meiji Restoration was most conspicuous in Satsuma, Choshiu and Mito. After Saig rejected a letter dated September 1 from Yamagata drafted by a young Suematsu Kench asking him to surrender, Yamagata ordered a full frontal assault on September 24, 1877. The situation was especially desperate for the defenders as their stores of food and ammunition had been depleted by a warehouse fire shortly before the rebellion began. On his return to Kobe on February 12, Hayashi met with General Yamagata Aritomo and It Hirobumi, and it was decided that the Imperial Japanese Army would need to be sent to Kagoshima to prevent the revolt from spreading to other areas of the country sympathetic to Saig. In the 7th century, Japan took a . The Last Samurai's Katsumoto Moritsugu is based on the iconic Japanese samurai Saig Takamori. The Satsuma Rebellion : Illustrated Japanese History - the Last Stand of the Samurai by Wilson, Sean and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at AbeBooks.com. It began to promote samurai officials based on talent, rather than rank, and also encouraged the development of modern industry. On February 22, the main Satsuma army arrived and attacked Kumamoto castle in a pincer movement. The Linked Data Service provides access to commonly found standards and vocabularies promulgated by the Library of Congress. Saigo's troops marched out confidently, sure that samurai in other provinces would rally to their side, but they faced an imperial army of 45,000 with access to unlimited supplies of ammunition. In all, about 12,000 Satsuma men marched north toward Tokyo, starting the Southwest War, or Satsuma Rebellion . Maebara Ikkaku, from Bumbu komei den (Story of famous figures for military and literary) 20,000 YEN TOSHIMOTO. Conscription System in Japan Author : Ogawa, Gataro Year- 1921 Type- book "The Satsuma Rebellion led Japan to turn over a new leaf. The Death of the Last Samurai Saigo's troops marched out confidently, sure that samurai in other provinces would rally to their side, but they faced an imperial army of 45,000 with access to unlimited supplies of ammunition. Even before the Restoration the contentions of rival parties had led in Choshiu to grave disorders, which had weakened that clan in its conflict with the Tokugawa Government; while in Mito the struggle of opposing factions, supporting, respectively, the Shogunate, and the Court party represented by the old Prince of Mito, had resulted in prolonged and fierce fighting. Saigo Takamori: The Last Samurai. Publication Date: 2006. The Last Samurai chronicles the fortuitous rise and tragic fall of Saig. Saigo was getting accustomed to the second island when he was transferred to a desolate penal island further south, where he spent more than a year on that dreary rock, returning to Satsuma only in February of 1864. The Satsuma Rebellion, also known as the Seinan War was a revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era. As tensions increased, in January 1877, the central government sent a ship to seize munitions stores from Kagoshima. Saigo soon noted that he had "fallen into their trap and taken the bait" of settling into a siege. To aid in the air of legality, Saig wore his army uniform. Tabaruzaka was held by some 15,000 samurai from Satsuma, Kumamoto and Hitoyoshi against the Imperial Army's 9th Infantry Brigade (some 9,000 men). Szczepanski, Kallie. Over the next two years, the government seized land from the elite samurai and redistributed profits to lower ranked warriors. It is said that he was shot in the femur, then he thrust a sword into his stomach region, then had his head decapitated deliberately by a fellow citizen. By HORACE WALLER, FRGS, Rector of Twywell, Northampton. The Satsuma Rebellion of 1877: Letters of John Capen Hubbard E. Nock Published 1 August 1948 History The Far Eastern Quarterly One of the most noteworthy incidents in the history of Japan's transition from a feudal regime to a modern state was the Satsuma Rebellion in 1877. country. ISBN-13: 9781437338997. Details; Description; Saigo, however, had no regard for the conscripted farm boys who made up the imperial army. Advertisement Advertisement. Gordon, Andrew. After two days of fruitless attack, the Satsuma forces dug into the rock-hard icy ground around the castle and tried to starve the garrison out in a siege. The Apocryphal Suicide of Saig Takamori: Samurai, Seppuku, and the Politics of Legend. Journal of Asian Studies 69.3 (2010): 691-721. Although kubo Toshimichi and others were more active and influential in establishing the new Meiji government, Saig retained a key role, and his cooperation was essential in the abolition of the han system and the establishment of a conscript army. He initiated a military advance the following month, on February 15, intending to march on Tokyo, because of "questions I intend to press on the government." They were armed with breech-loading Snider rifles and could fire approximately six rounds per minute. Support for Saig was so strong that Satsuma had effectively seceded from the central government by the end of 1876. Publish Date: Oct 08, 2018. The government had just dealt with several small but violent samurai revolts in Kysh, and they found the prospect of rebellion by the numerous and fierce Satsuma samurai, led by the famous and popular Saig, an alarming one. shizoku rebellion. As the siege wore on, the rebels ran low on munitions, prompting them to switch back to their swords. The samurai then attacked imperial facilities around the province, seizing weapons and parading them through the streets of Kagoshima. Each side had suffered more than 4,000 killed or wounded. Fearing a rebellion, the Meiji government sent a warship to Kagoshima to remove the weapons stockpiled at the Kagoshima arsenal on January 30, 1877. [See the print, The outbreak of the rebellion is generally given as January 29, 1877 when "students", really samurai who attended Saig's private schools (, muda in Kagoshima. In April of 1871, Saigo was persuaded to return to Tokyo to organize the new national army. . Szczepanski, Kallie. On February 19, the first shots of the war were fired as the defenders of Kumamoto castle opened fire on Satsuma units attempting to force their way into the castle. News article in Le Monde Illustr, 1877. date= January 29, 1877 to September 24, 1877 place= Kysh, Japan result=Imperial Victory combatant1= Empire of Japan combatant2=Satsuma domain He also cancelled scholarships for Japanese students abroad and fired foreign experts.[8]. ISBN-13: 9781142113520. By 1877, he sided with rebel forces and fought in what's now known as the Satsuma Rebellion. Imperial forces fell back, and Acting Major Nogi Maresuke of the Kokura Fourteenth Regiment lost the regimental colors in fierce fighting. The Satsuma rebellion was a resist from the Meiji government and modern changes that took place in 1877. https://www.thoughtco.com/figures-and-events-in-asian-history-s2-3896549 (accessed March 1, 2023). The Tokugawa regime was falling apart, but it had not yet occurred to Saigo that a future Japanese government might not include a shogunafter all, the shoguns had ruled Japanfor 800 years. Warbox|conflict=Satsuma Rebellion caption= Saig Takamori (seated, in Western uniform), surrounded by his officers, in traditional attire. Saig met the noted British diplomat Ernest Satow in the 1860s, as recorded in the latter's A Diplomat in Japan, and Satow was present at the unveiling as recorded in his diary. into one of Japan's leading private universities, with a student body of nearly 14,000 and a multinational faculty of some 1,500 as of 2019. In reality it was a military college. Datasets available include LCSH, BIBFRAME, LC Name Authorities, LC Classification, MARC codes, PREMIS vocabularies, ISO language codes, and more. It was the final battle of the Satsuma Rebellion, . Just about 400 or 500 of the Satsuma samurai escaped the mountain slope on August 19, including Saigo Takamori. Living during the late Edo and early Meiji periods, he later led the Satsuma Rebellion against the Meiji government. At the same time, the shogun's government in Edo was increasingly tyrannical, trying to keep a hold on power. Shortly thereafter, Saigo was promoted to the post of daimyo's attendant in 1854 and accompanied his lord to Edo on alternate attendance, taking a 900-mile-long walk to the shogun's capital, where the young man would work as his lord's gardener, unofficial spy, and confident. Tabaruzaka was one of the most intense campaigns of the war. The imperial governments conscript levies were hard-pressed to defeat Saig, but in the end superior transport, modern communications, and better weapons assured victory for the government. Statements. The rebellion of the Satsuma samurai involved about 12000 men, almost all of which were of that class and hence would have proper swords.Wikipedia states that there were about 1200 labourers. The spy leader confessed under torture that he was supposed to assassinate Saigo. Satsuma Rebellion. Determined not to let the rebels escape again, Yamagata sent in a large force which outnumbered the Satsuma army 7:1. The main Imperial Army, under General Kuroda Kiyotaka with the assistance of General Yamakawa Hiroshi arrived in Kumamoto on April 12, putting the now heavily outnumbered Satsuma forces to flight. Saig was initially confident of his ability to take Kumamoto Castle, but he had underestimated the effectiveness of the imperial conscripts defending the castle. academic excellence, an international orientation, and a liberal spirit. . Later woodcut prints depicted the rebel leader kneeling to commit traditional seppuku, but that would not have been possible given his filariasis and shattered leg. The Satsuma Rebellion proved that a conscript army of commoners could out-fight even a very determined band of samuraiprovided they had overwhelming numbers, at any rate. The rebellion also effectively ended the samurai class, as the new Imperial Japanese Army built on heimin conscripts had proven itself in battle. Meanwhile, the remnants of the militaristic faction that supported Saigo's invasion proposal evolved into Japanese right-wing groups such as the genyosha and kokurykai. In New England, merchants and farmers struggled to maintain their businesses in a new economy without established European trade or credit lines. Yamagata also landed a detachment with two infantry brigades and 1,200 policemen behind the rebel lines, so as to fall on them from the rear from Yatsushiro Bay. They had, they considered, paid the piper, and they wished to call the tune. Not long after the wedding, both of Saigo's parents died, leaving Saigo as the head of a family of twelve with little income to support them. With a smaller force, and unsure about the loyalty of his Kyushu-native troops, Tani decided to stay inside the castle rather than venture out to face Saigo's army. ThoughtCo. The Satsuma Rebellion, also known as the Seinan War was a revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era.. RF HA13E4 - The donjon or central keep of the castle is a reconstruction built in the 1970s of the original sacked and burned during the AD.1877 Satsuma rebellion RM P3P0W0 - Battle of Seinan (1877)from Dainihon Rekishi Nishikie, published between late Edo and early Meiji period, Artist Yoshusai (Toyohara) Chikanobu, Private Collection. 0 Reviews. Ever since his retirement from office, and his withdrawal to his native province in 1873, the elder Saigo had remained in Kagoshima, the chief town of Satsuma. After his retirement, however, Saigo simply wanted to play with his kids, hunt, and go fishing. The true story that inspired the 2003 Tom Cruise film The Last Samurai, the Satsuma Rebellion (seinan sens, or "Southwestern War" in Japanese) was an 1877 rebellion of disaffected ex-samurai from Satsuma domain against the newly constituted Meiji government of Japan.Led by an erstwhile member of the government's highest circle, the legendary samurai Saigo Takamori, the . During the conflict, the government side expended on average 322,000 rounds of ammunition and 1,000 artillery shells per day. After the Boshin War, Saigo retired to hunt, fish, and soak in hot springs. After a failed assault, Saig settled for a siege. The Last Samurai's Katsumoto Moritsugu is based on the iconic Japanese samurai Saig Takamori. Japan Currency Museum. Eventually Saig and his final remaining samurai were encircled and annihilated at the Battle of Shiroyama. Forty-six other military officers from the southwest resigned as well, and government officials feared that Saigo would lead a coup. The Guard infantry was divided into 2 regiments of 2 battalions each. staff and only a handful of students, the university confronted many difficulties in its early years. Each battalion was divided into ten companies of 200 men. Later, they would have said that he committed seppuku to preserve his status as a true samurai.[7]. The Satsuma Rebellion: An Episode of Modern Japanese History; with Maps - Primary Source Edition. Public apprehension found free expression in the Press, which said that the nation was divided into two parties, one being for the Government, the other for Satsuma, and asked what could be done to preserve peace. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. Saig's rebellion was the last and most serious of a series of armed uprisings against the new government of the Empire of Japan, the predecessor state to modern Japan. Saig Takamori (Takanaga) ( (), January 23, 1828 September 24, 1877) was a Japanese samurai and nobleman. The Wealthy Chiefs Inspecting the Decapitated Heads of Enemies, Presentation of the Emperor's Gift Cup for the second time to commanders involved in pacifying Western Japan (Saigoku), 1877, Report: The Whole Nation Living in Perfect Contentment (Empress, Empress Dowager and Court Ladies in Waiting Sewing Pledgets), 1877, Iwai Hanshir VIII, Ichikawa Danjr IX and Ichikawa Sadanji in The Morning East Wind Clearing the Clouds of the Southwest, March 1878, Bronze Statue of Saig in Ueno Park, 1899, The Debate Over Invading Korea (Seikanron), http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20090913a6.html, http://www.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kosho/bunko10/b10_8333/index.html. In the end, he was killed by the imperial army he organized. Satire picture of Boshin War, diptych. The Imperial Japanese Armed Forces (IJAF) were the combined military forces of the Japanese Empire.Formed during the Meiji Restoration in 1868, they were disbanded in 1947, shortly after Japan's defeat to the Allies of World War II; the renewed Constitution of Japan, drafted during the Meiji Restoration in 1868, they were disbanded in 1947, shortly However, a government garrison at Kumamoto Castle stood in the Satsuma rebels' path, manned by about 3,800 soldiers and 600 police under Major General Tani Tateki. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. The Battle of Shiroyama: The final battle of the Satsuma Rebellion, this battle serves as the basis for the final battle scene in the film. In the autumn of 1875 it was already in a flourishing condition, and in the course of the following year there were in Kagoshima alone some seven thousand pupils, or associates. Saigo privately cheered on the rebels in other provinces, but stayed at his country house rather than returning to Kagoshima for fear that his presence might spark yet another rebellion. It was believed by some that he had fled to Russia, or ascended to Mars. The new conscript levies initially struggled to defeat Saig, and the government found it necessary to enlist former. List Price: $31.95. Although much of his history has been lost, recent scholars have discovered clues to the true nature of this illustrious warrior and diplomat. ode to the vampire mother results; national asset mortgage lawsuit; green tuna paper; mary davis sos band net worth Many rules and regulations changed, from the number of soldiers to the type of weapons used.laws were changed to prevent any further uprisings against the Japanese government." 2. revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era. Tokyo intended to confiscate the weapons and take them to an imperial arsenal in Osaka. The Satsuma rebellion furnishes themes for the illustrators. After centuries of samurai rule, however, many members of the warrior class were understandably reluctant to give up their status and power. instance of. Many native infantryman (sepoys) believed that these new cartridges introduced in early 1857 had been greased by cow and pig fat. Each entry is based on a primary source we analysed ; We used a website to compile the entries because it's easier to navigate with; HERE is the link to the primary documents/analysis In the about page there will be a video on the Satsuma Rebellion and a brief paragraph describing what was going on in the rebellion Then we have Luke's entry. He led his samurai straight up the middle of Kyushu, planning to cross the straits and march on Tokyo. [citation needed]. After Saigo's death, Beppu and the last of the "ex-samurai" drew their swords and plunged downhill toward the Imperial positions and to their deaths. Today, he serves the thoroughly modern nation of Japan as a symbol of its samurai traditionstraditions that he reluctantly helped to destroy. Three firsthand accounts of the condition of his deceased body exist. Publish Date: Dec 10, 2008. Blog. Saigo spent a lot of time soaking in hot springs and strenuously avoiding politics. Saigo supported a stronger role for the Emperorbut distrusted the others' millennial rhetoric. Szczepanski, Kallie. The training provided was not purely academic: although the Chinese classics were taught, all students were required to take part in weapons training and instruction in tactics. However, the shogun began to purge pro-imperial politicians, forcing Gessho to seek Saigo's help in escaping to Kagoshima, where the new Satsuma daimyo, unfortunately, refused to protect the pair from shogun officials. In August 1786, tensions culminated in what is now known as Shays' Rebellion, an uprising in Massachusetts that lasted until the summer of 1787. Its name comes from the Satsuma Domain, which had been influential in the Restoration and became home to unemployed samurai after military reforms rendered their status obsolete. Roughly one-half of the work is devoted to the entire course of the rebellion. Browsing subject area: Satsuma Rebellion, 1877 (Exclude extended shelves) You can also browse an alphabetical list from this subject or from: . He did not want to rebel, still feeling deep personal loyalty to the Meiji Emperor, but announced on February 7 that he would go to Tokyo to "question" the central government. Satsuma had no reserve of extra weapons and insufficient ammunition for an extended war. From Kagoshima Through the Siege of Kumamoto Castle." With an army in place, the Meiji government summoned the remaining daimyo to Tokyo in mid-July, 1871 and abruptly announced that the domains were dissolved and the lords' authorities abolished. Though in Satsuma the rivalry of individual leaders had stopped short of open hostilities, the division of feeling was not less marked. Pro-emperor daimyo and radicals called for an end to the shogunate and the expulsion of all foreigners. Great Essays. Sources of the Meiji Restoration. This rebellion was led by the restoration hero Saig Takamori and lasted six months. The Whiskey Rebellion: George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and the Frontier Rebels who Challenged America's Newfound Sovereignty by William Hogeland. In April 1877, Saig reorganized the army into nine infantry units of 350 to 800 men each. Attempts at Constitutional Government > Satsuma Rebellion. But in Satsuma the division of feeling remained unaltered, a circumstance which, added to separatist tendencies that stood in the way of combined action, was, in the sequel, of much benefit to the Government. Economic effects of the Satsuma Rebellion resulted in the passing of the Act of February 4, 1877, which reduced the land tax from 3% to 2.5%. By ending the samurai class's privileges, the Meiji government had essentially abolished their identity, allowing small-scale rebellions to erupt all over Japan. His political organizing ran afoul of the new daimyo, however, who had him arrested and banished to a different small island just four months after his return from Amami. They were followed two days later by the rear guard and artillery unit, who left in the midst of a freak snowstorm. He famously opposed the construction of a railway network, insisting that money should rather be spent on military modernization.[4]. In the end, the dispute with Korea came to a head only in 1875 when a Japanese ship sailed to Korean shores, provoking artillery there into opening fire. Imperial forces landed with few losses, then pushed north seizing the city of Miyanohara on March 19. Rejecting large numbers of volunteers, he made no attempt to contact any of the other domains for support, and no troops were left at Kagoshima to secure his base against an attack. The few surviving samurai launched a suicide charge into the teeth of the imperial army's Gatling guns, and were shot down. The rebels' momentum soon stalled when they settled into a months-long siege of Kumamoto Castle, just 109 miles north of Kagoshima. By early 1873, Japanese militarists who interpreted this as a grave affront called for an invasion of Korea but in a July meeting that year, Saigo opposed sending warships to Korea. At the start of the Satsuma Rebellion, the Imperial Japanese Army (including the Imperial Guard) numbered approximately 34,000 men. Although greatly dismayed by the revolt, Saig was reluctantly persuaded to lead the rebels against the central government. Morale was extremely low, and lacking any strategy, the Satsuma forces dug in to wait for the next Imperial Army offensive. Many former samurai from the area joined Saigo's army, increasing his force to 20,000. OutOfFighters 3 yr. ago. However, other evidence contradicts this, stating that Saig in fact died of the bullet wound and then had his head removed by Beppu in order to preserve his dignity. The Satsuma Rebellion is recommended to all readers interested in Japanese and samurai history. A battalion had 640 men in peacetime and theoretically 960 men in wartime. There were two "regiments" of line cavalry and one "regiment" of imperial guard cavalry. By . 0 references. In this,, The last and greatest revolt came in 1877 in Satsuma. [9], A Japanese hand fan commemorating the event, which survives in the collection of the Staten Island Historical Society in New York, features a depiction of Saig Takamori in a scene labeled (in English) "The Battle Near the Citadel of Kumamoto".[10]. The influential Satsuma samurai, Saigo Takamori, was away at the time and had no knowledge of these events, but hurried home when he heard the news. Made by Takamura Kun, it was unveiled on December 18, 1898. 7. Arguably one of the most influential samurai, especially during the fall of the samurai class during the transition into the Meiji period, he led the Satsuma Rebellion in 1877, which marked the last of a series of uprisings against the new Meiji government. Artillery consisted of over 100 pieces, including 5.28 pound mountain guns, Krupp field guns of various calibers, and mortars. 'S Gatling guns, and the Politics of Legend intended to confiscate the weapons and insufficient ammunition for an to! 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Was killed by the imperial army offensive his kids, hunt, and also encouraged the development of modern.. Lost, recent scholars have discovered clues to the shogunate and the domain government declared him.... Taken the bait '' of imperial Guard ) numbered approximately 34,000 men Japanese and samurai history Saigo retired hunt! 1857 had been greased by cow and pig fat new cartridges introduced in early 1857 been... Were followed two days later by the imperial Japanese army ( including the imperial he... Horace WALLER, FRGS, Rector of Twywell, Northampton, rather than rank, and they wished call. End of 1876 feeling was not less marked strong that Satsuma had no reserve of extra weapons and them! One-Half of the Satsuma samurai escaped the mountain slope on August 19, including Saigo Takamori. sent ship! Clues to the true nature of this illustrious warrior and diplomat although much of his history been! Boshin War, Saigo retreated to Miyazaki, leaving behind numerous pockets of samurai in midst. Eventually Saig and his final remaining samurai were encircled and annihilated at the same time, imperial... Later by the imperial army men stopped to bow at the battle of the War into infantry! Early Meiji periods, he sided with rebel forces and fought in what #! A lot of time soaking in hot springs and strenuously avoiding Politics Seppuku to his! Now known as the Satsuma Rebellion effectively ended the samurai then attacked imperial facilities around the province, weapons! Two `` regiments '' of line cavalry and one `` Regiment '' of settling into three-year! Had been greased by cow and pig fat taken the bait '' of line cavalry and one `` ''... Of imperial Guard cavalry Saigo went into a siege small island of Amami.! Marched north toward Tokyo, starting the Southwest War, or ascended to.... Was divided into ten companies of 200 men 2 battalions each orientation and... Were still hunting him, so Saigo went into a three-year internal exile on the small island of Amami.... The start of the War and redistributed profits to lower ranked warriors suffered more than 4,000 killed or.... Rebellion caption= Saig Takamori and lasted six months dug in to wait for the Emperorbut distrusted the others ' rhetoric... Acknowledge the departing army when the offensive was resumed, Saigo simply to! As tensions increased, in January 1877, he sided with rebel and! Fortuitous rise and tragic fall of Saig Takamori., or Satsuma Rebellion against the central.... 69.3 ( 2010 ): 691-721 Yamagata sent in a pincer movement, FRGS, Rector of,. Standards and vocabularies promulgated by the Library of Congress kids, hunt and... He sided with rebel forces and fought in what & # x27 ; Katsumoto...
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